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Afrikaans has simplified verb conjugation compared with older Dutch.
Common countries
Albanian has two major standard varieties: Gheg and Tosk.
Common countries
Amharic uses the Ge'ez (Ethiopic) script, an abugida with a large character inventory.
Common countries
Arabic is written right-to-left and commonly appears as Modern Standard Arabic plus regional spoken varieties.
Common countries
Armenian uses its own alphabet created in the early 5th century.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Assamese is AS.
Common countries
The ISO 639-1 code for Awadhi is AWA.
Common countries
Azerbaijani is written in Latin script in Azerbaijan, with other scripts used historically and regionally.
Common countries
Bengali uses its own script and does not have uppercase/lowercase distinction.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Bashkir is BA.
Common countries
Basque is a language isolate, not classified inside the Indo-European family.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Belarusian is BE.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Bhojpuri is BHO.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Bodo is BRX.
Common countries
Bosnian is mainly written in Latin script, with Cyrillic also used in some contexts.
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Bulgarian uses Cyrillic and places definite articles after nouns.
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Burmese script is an abugida with distinctive circular forms.
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Chinese is logographic, and modern use often distinguishes Simplified and Traditional characters.
Common countries
Catalan is a Romance language with its own standard, distinct from Spanish and French.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Chhattisgarhi is HNE.
Common countries
Chinese is logographic, and modern use often distinguishes Simplified and Traditional characters.
Common countries
Chinese is logographic, and modern use often distinguishes Simplified and Traditional characters.
Common countries
The ISO 639-1 code for chiShona is SN.
Common countries
Croatian uses Latin script with diacritics that mark distinct phonemes.
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Czech is famous for the letter ř, a sound uncommon in other major languages.
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Danish adds three letters beyond basic Latin: ae, oe, and aa.
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Persian uses a modified Arabic script and adds letters such as p, ch, zh, and g.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Divehi is DV.
Common countries
The ISO 639-1 code for Dogri is DOI.
Common countries
Dutch commonly uses the ij digraph, treated as a special unit in some contexts.
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English spelling preserves many historical forms, so spelling and pronunciation are often not one-to-one.
Common countries
English spelling preserves many historical forms, so spelling and pronunciation are often not one-to-one.
Common countries
English spelling preserves many historical forms, so spelling and pronunciation are often not one-to-one.
Common countries
English spelling preserves many historical forms, so spelling and pronunciation are often not one-to-one.
Common countries
English spelling preserves many historical forms, so spelling and pronunciation are often not one-to-one.
Common countries
Estonian has no grammatical gender and shows vowel harmony in many patterns.
Common countries
The ISO 639-1 code for Faroese is FO.
Common countries
The ISO 639-1 code for Fijian is FJ.
Common countries
The ISO 639-1 code for Filipino is FIL.
Common countries
Finnish has no grammatical gender and is known for rich case morphology.
Common countries
Dutch commonly uses the ij digraph, treated as a special unit in some contexts.
Common countries
French nouns have grammatical gender, and adjectives usually agree in gender and number.
Common countries
French nouns have grammatical gender, and adjectives usually agree in gender and number.
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Galician is a Romance language historically very close to Portuguese.
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Georgian uses its own script family and no uppercase/lowercase distinction in standard modern text.
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German capitalizes all nouns in standard writing.
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German capitalizes all nouns in standard writing.
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Greek uses its own alphabet, one of the oldest continuously used writing systems.
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Gujarati uses its own script, historically related to Devanagari but without a headline.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Haitian Creole is HT.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Haryanvi is BFY.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Hausa is HA.
Common countries
Hebrew is written right-to-left and usually omits short vowels in everyday text.
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Hindi is written in Devanagari, an abugida where consonants carry an inherent vowel.
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Hungarian is agglutinative and uses many case endings.
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Icelandic preserves letters thorn (th) and eth (dh) from Old Norse traditions.
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Indonesian orthography is relatively phonemic compared with many global languages.
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Irish uses initial consonant mutations that change word beginnings in grammar.
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Italian double consonants are phonemic, so they can change word meaning.
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Japanese uses three writing systems together: kanji, hiragana, and katakana.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Javanese is JV.
Common countries
Kannada has a long written tradition and a script distinct from neighboring languages.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Kashmiri is KS.
Common countries
Kazakh has used multiple scripts across history, including Cyrillic and Latin-based forms.
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Khmer script is an abugida and one of Southeast Asia's long-standing writing systems.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Konkani is KOK.
Common countries
Korean uses Hangul, an alphabet intentionally designed in the 15th century.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Kyrgyz is KY.
Common countries
Latvian uses diacritics to mark vowel length and consonant distinctions.
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Lithuanian preserves many archaic Indo-European features studied in historical linguistics.
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Macedonian uses a standardized Cyrillic alphabet adapted for the language.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Maithili is MAI.
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Malay is mainly written in Latin script today, with Jawi still used in some contexts.
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The word Malayalam is often cited as a palindrome in English transliteration.
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Maltese is a Semitic language written in the Latin alphabet.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Maori is MI.
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Marathi is written in Devanagari and preserves many Sanskrit-derived forms.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Marwari is MWR.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Min Nan is NAN.
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Romanian typically places the definite article at the end of the noun.
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Mongolian has both Cyrillic and traditional vertical script traditions.
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Serbian is officially written in both Cyrillic and Latin scripts.
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Nepali is written in Devanagari and shares core script features with Hindi.
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Norwegian has two official written standards: Bokmal and Nynorsk.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Oriya is OR.
Common countries
The ISO 639-1 code for Pashto is PS.
Common countries
Persian uses a modified Arabic script and adds letters such as p, ch, zh, and g.
Common countries
Polish uses nasal vowels written as ą and ę.
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Portuguese is known for nasal vowels, often marked with symbols like ã and õ.
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Portuguese is known for nasal vowels, often marked with symbols like ã and õ.
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Punjabi is commonly written in Gurmukhi in India and Shahmukhi in Pakistan.
Common countries
The ISO 639-1 code for Rajasthani is RAJ.
Common countries
Romanian typically places the definite article at the end of the noun.
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Russian uses the Cyrillic alphabet and marks hard/soft consonant contrasts.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Sanskrit is SA.
Common countries
The ISO 639-1 code for Santali is SAT.
Common countries
Serbian is officially written in both Cyrillic and Latin scripts.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Sindhi is SD.
Common countries
Sinhala script is an abugida with rounded letter forms.
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Slovak uses diacritics to mark vowel length and consonant quality.
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Slovenian preserves grammatical dual number in addition to singular and plural.
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Somali has used a standardized Latin-based orthography since the 1970s.
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Spanish is known for inverted punctuation marks at the start of questions and exclamations: ¿ and ¡.
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Spanish is known for inverted punctuation marks at the start of questions and exclamations: ¿ and ¡.
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Swahili is a Bantu language with many historical loanwords from Arabic.
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Modern Swedish has two grammatical genders: common and neuter.
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Modern Filipino uses the Latin alphabet and includes many Spanish and English loanwords.
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Tamil has one of the world's oldest continuous literary traditions.
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Telugu script is known for rounded letter shapes linked to palm-leaf writing traditions.
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Thai script typically writes sentence text without spaces between most words.
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Turkish features vowel harmony, where suffix vowels change to match the stem.
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Ukrainian uses Cyrillic and includes letters not used in Russian, such as ї.
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Urdu is written right-to-left, most often in the Nastaliq calligraphic style.
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Uzbek is officially written in Latin script in Uzbekistan, with Cyrillic still used in practice.
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Vietnamese uses the Latin alphabet with extensive tone and vowel diacritics.
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Welsh treats digraphs like ll and rh as separate alphabetic units.
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The ISO 639-1 code for Wu is WUU.
Common countries